This study analyses the trends in energy use and CO2 emissions for 19 sub-sectors in the Swedish service sectors following the classification of the International Standard Industrial Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC) at the 2-digit level of aggregation over the period 1993-2008. This empirical study intends to examine energy use, energy efficiency and CO2 emissions using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and panel data techniques. DEA is applied to assess energy efficiency within a production framework. Panel data techniques are used to determine which variables influence energy efficiency. The results show that Swedish services industries have increased energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the period 1993-2008. The results from the DEA show significant variation in energy efficiency across service industries. The results also indicate that this sector has increased technical efficiency and energy efficiency while decreasing CO2 emissions, especially in the later years of our sample period. The results of panel data techniques show that higher energy taxes, electricity consumption, investments and labour productivity generate higher energy efficiency, while higher fossil fuel consumption leads to lower energy efficiency. All findings of this study are important for developing effective energy policies that encourage better energy use and energy management in the service industries.
This paper analyses the trends in energyconsumption and CO2 emissions as a result of energyefficiency improvements in Swedish manufacturingindustries between 1993 and 2008. Using data at thetwo-digit level, the performance of this sector is studiedin terms of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, energyefficiency measured as energy intensity, value of production,fuel sources, energy prices and energy taxes. Itwas found that energy consumption, energy intensityand CO2 emission intensity, measured as productionvalues, have decreased significantly in the Swedishmanufacturing industries during the period studied.The results of the decomposition analysis show thatoutput growth has not required higher energy consumption,leading to a reduction in both energy and CO2emission intensities. The role of structural changes hasbeen minor, and the trends of energy efficiency and CO2emissions have been similar during the sample period. Astochastic frontier model was used to determine possiblefactors that may have influenced these trends. Theresults demonstrate that high energy prices, energy
taxes, investments and electricity consumption haveinfluenced the reduction of energy and CO2 emissionintensities, indicating that Sweden has applied an adequateand effective energy policy. The study confirmsthat it is possible to achieve economic growth andsustainable development whilst also reducing the pressureon resources and energy consumption and promotingthe shift towards a low-carbon economy.
