Ageing behavior of plastics used in automotive fuel systems
Time: Fri 2019-10-25 10.00
Location: F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm (English)
Doctoral student: Xin-Feng Wei , Fiber- och polymerteknologi
Opponent: Pieter Gijsman,
Supervisor: Professor Mikael S. Hedenqvist, Polymera material; Universitetslektor Richard Olsson, Polymera material; Professor Ulf W Gedde, Fiber- och polymerteknologi
Abstract
The increase in service temperature and the use of biobased fuels, such as biodiesel, have raised concerns on the short/long-term performance of plastic components used in automotive fuel systems.
In this work the ageing behavior of unreinforced and glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 12 (PA12), exposed to three different fuels (petroleum diesel, biodiesel, and a mixture of these (80/20)) at high temperature, was investigated. The interactions between the polymer and the fuel, and the associated polymer ageing mechanisms (fuel uptake, extraction of monomer and oligomers, annealing and oxidation), were found to be “generic” in the sense that they occurred, although to various extent, for all fuels. In the glass-fibre reinforced polyamides, the ageing occurred mainly in the polyamide matrix and not in the matrix-fibre interface. The semi-aromatic polyamide showed better performance when exposed to fuels than the aliphatic PA12.
At a component level, multilayer polyamide-based pipes, with polyamide or fluoropolymer as inner layer, were aged under “in-vehicle” conditions where the pipes were exposed to fuel on the inside and to the air on the outside. All pipes stiffened during ageing but embrittlement occurred only for the pipes with polyamide being the inner layer. Compared to polyamide, the fluoropolymer inner layer showed significantly better barrier properties towards the fuel and no material was extracted into the fuel. The plasticizer loss from the PA12 outer layers into air was diffusion controlled and its diffusivity followed a linear Arrhenius behavior in the high temperature region. Relationships between plasticizer loss and the changes in mechanical properties were established.
The polyamides experienced diffusion-limited oxidation when exposed to air and/or fuel, involving the formation of a thin oxidized surface layer which was responsible for a significant decrease in strain-at-break.
The fracture behavior of PA 6 in air at high temperature, found to involve three distinct stages, were systematically studied and linked to underlying mechanisms responsible for the reduction in strain-at-break.