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Factoring
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Shank's SQUFOF
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Quadratic sieve
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Lenstra's elliptic curve algorithm
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Number field sieve
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Elliptic curves
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Elliptic curve cryptography - avoiding factor base embeddings
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Identity based schemes via the Weil pairing
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Point counting on elliptic curves (Shoof, Sato)
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Primality proving
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PRIMES is in P - the AKS algorithm, plus the Pomerance-Lenstra refinement.
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Elliptic curve primality proving (Schoof, Atkin-Morain)
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Some modern probabilistic primality test (Frobenius pseudo primes etc) and analogues of Carmichael numbers.
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Class groups
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Determining the size/generators with and without assuming GRH.
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Fast verification via trace formulae
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Fundamental units/regulators
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Fast arithmetic
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FFT
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Fuerer
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Z-modules and lattices
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Ideal arithmetic
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The LLL algorithm
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Short vectors and cryptographic applications