Interactions between EV owners, grid owners, retailers, and aggregators

The current energy system is facing various challenges due to the increase in non-storable renewable sources like wind and solar power. Recently, questions about the security of supply and flexibility have been discussed. Compared to other renewable energy sources, hydropower can store water energy, offering long-term flexibility in order to reduce the risk of energy shortage. Hydropower, on the other hand, is also able to achieve fast ramping times, providing short-term flexibility. As a result, hydropower plays a crucial role in both the current and future energy systems. However, hydropower is also under change. New environmental constraints and climate change are changing the way we use water as an energy source. Additionally, not all turbines have been designed to handle extreme situations, such as rapid changes or to sustain high production over a longer period. This emphasizes the importance of analyzing current and future scenarios with an accurate representation of hydropower. However, detailed modeling is computationally intensive when considering nonlinear power production curves and complex river systems. Therefore, larger energy models often use a simplified equivalent model, which contains significantly fewer stations and thus loses some connectivity between stations. This thesis will explore different methods to calculate the parameters of such an equivalent system and identify the most crucial parameters to include.