80% seminar: Coordinated Operation and Control for Multi-Stack Hydrogen Electrolyzers Providing Multiple Frequency Flexibility Services

Large-scale hydrogen electrolyzers (ELs) are promising flexibility resources for frequency support in low-inertia power systems with high renewable penetration. However, existing methods cannot achieve optimal operation of the hydrogen EL systems with guaranteed fast frequency activation requirements. This paper proposes a coordinated operation and control strategy for multi-stack ELs to achieve optimal operation with provision of multiple frequency containment reserve (FCR) services. At the operating level, a multi-stack EL operation model is developed to provide multiple FCR services, considering EL efficiency and degradation costs, while satisfying the hydrogen supply and storage constraints. At the control level, a real-time power allocation strategy is designed for effective power allocation among stacks with power balancing and FCR dynamic activation requirements. Then, a coordinated operation and control approach is proposed to co-optimize the baseline power, bidding capacity, and stack-level power allocation for multiple FCR services to minimize operating cost and ensure FCR dynamic activation requirements. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy reduces the total operating cost by 9.53% compared to the benchmark without stack-level efficiency and degradation awareness, while guaranteeing that the FCR-D response reaches 86% of the committed capacity within 7.5 seconds, as verified by MATLAB/Simulink simulations.