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The effects of the humanities: Knowledge, collaboration, impact – new anthology with researchers from the Division

Several of the Division’s researchers have contributed to a new Swedish anthology: Humanvetenskapernas verkningar: Kunskap, samverkan, genomslag (The effects of the humanities: Knowledge, collaboration, impact). Editor, former Division postdoc, Linus Salö re-joined the Division again this year as the supervisor of Klara Müller and as researcher in the research platform Making Universities Matter. Other participating researchers from the Division in the anthology are Fredrik Bertilsson, Ulrika Bjare, and Sverker Sörlin as well as our former colleagues, with Lund University as base, Mats Benner and Eugenia Perez Vico.

The anthology is published by Dialogos Förlag, and translated from the Swedish backside of the book, this is what it is about:

In the discussion about how universities and colleges can better meet the great challenges of our time, the social sciences and humanities have begun to take an increasing place. This is not least due to the fact that a new line of research policy is taking shape, where the humanities are given greater weight than before.

This ongoing shift opens up new ideas about how academic knowledge is disseminated and used. Research collaboration is not limited to industry and business, but takes place and has always taken place with many parts of society. Innovations are not just technical or medical news and progress, but also social renewal that concerns language, media, culture, politics, economics, behavior, religion – yes, most things that people do, think and feel.

The humanities’ movements between academia and other spheres of society, not least politics, can be seen as passages through a cat door in an otherwise locked gate. This metaphor runs like a thread through the book. Who has moved through the cat door, and what kind of knowledge effects has it had? How is this activity mentioned and valued?

In the ten chapters of this anthology, a number of humanities seek to answer these questions. The participating authors are active in various fields of science at various Swedish universities. The purpose of the book is to give momentum and energy to the discussion about the effects of the humanities – and ask new questions about the universities’ goals and meaning.

You can order the anthology (in Swedish) from Dialogos homepage!

New PhD-student in the “Making Universities Matter”-project!

We have a new PhD-student at the division! While the pandemic is still disrupting usual work routines, we are very happy that new people can nevertheless join us. Starting a PhD under these conditions in a new work environment is all but easy. Therefore, the division’s blog wants to continue introducing new people to make them more visible and to facilitate collaborations. Thus, Klara Müller was so kind to answer the following questions to introduce herself.

 

Could you please tell us a bit about yourself and the field(s) you are working on? 

I am an historian of science and technology and started at KTH as a doctoral student in January 2021. I work within Making Universities Matter (MUM), a project devoted to studying how the blend of missions and tasks of universities has evolved over time.

I finished my Master’s degree in The History of Science and Ideas at Uppsala University in June 2020. Previous to my Master’s I did a dual Bachelor’s degree in Media History and The History of Science and Ideas at Lund University. I have also studied archival science and was an exchange student at Utrecht University in 2019. My broader research interests relate to the history of humanities, history of bureaucracy, university history and the history of computing. Besides my studies, I have a far-reaching interest in research- and education policy.

In my previous research, I have mainly focused on the history of the information infrastructure of hospitals, through studies on the media history of medical records and on computers in healthcare. My Master’s thesis “Computer Power and the Art of Medicine: The Introduction of Computer Technology in Swedish healthcare 1962 – 1968” examined how computers affected medical knowledge production. The study shows how physicians’ diagnostic assessment of patients was reformulated into binary language so that computers could interpret it, and discusses the implications this process had on which type of knowledge was created and used in medical practice.

My PhD project has a lot of similarities with my previous research interests, but focuses on a different topic – instead of medical knowledge, I am looking into knowledge created in humanities disciplines. This agenda can be grasped as research on the information infrastructure of knowledge in the humanities in Sweden from the latter half of the 20th century. Methodically, I will approach this object by studying how humanities research has been measured and valued, in relation to, for example, the introduction of bibliometrics. The overall purpose of the study is to investigate changes regarding what has been considered to be high-quality humanities research, in relation to processes such as digitalization, internationalization, bureaucratization and the expansion of higher education.

 

What do you work on right now? Is something in particular coming up?

I am currently working on my PhD project outline, trying to map out the field. I am also involved with the Division’s upcoming Biennial report, analysing publication data.

Since I am affiliated with the knowledge platform MUM, I get to participate in a lot of interesting research policy events. For example, MUM and Vinnova have organized a seminar on the latest research and innovation bill (more information can be found here).

 

Starting during the pandemic is challenging. What kind of impact do you feel that Covid-19 have on your work? 

Since I knew that I would begin during the pandemic I guess I was able to adapt my expectations. But of course, it is not easy to be new at a workplace without the possibility of being there physically, without meeting people in person. And the feeling of a fresh start is difficult to achieve when you have been in the exact same apartment every day of the work week since March 2020. And it is, of course, not easy to plan for future courses, conferences and potential archival work, because of the uncertain future. Covid-19 has also led me to think a lot about how crucial cultural and historical knowledge is to understand societal reactions to crisis.

 

Thank you, Klara! Let’s hope we can all soon meet in person again.

For language or for knowledge – varför sammanfatta forskning på svenska?

Linus Salö [Version in English appears below]

För språket eller för kunskapen – varför sammanfatta forskning på svenska?

Universitet är betydelsefulla på flera olika vis, och den kunskap de producerar har många olika publiker. Det är en central utgångspunkt för projektet Making Universities Matter, som jag är en del av. Själv är jag är sociolingvist. För mig är det en lika central utgångpunkt att olika publiker nås med olika språk och genrer. Det är temat för detta blogginlägg.

Det här blogginlägget handlar om en vetenskaplig studie. Du läser texten på svenska; direkt under finns samma text fast på engelska. Ingen av texterna liknar dock den engelskspråkiga tidskriftsartikel där den vetenskapliga studien publicerades.

Det finns gott om skäl att kommunicera forskning på flera språk, och gott om skäl att omforma forskningstexter så att de når nya läsare. Som forskare vid ett svenskt lärosäte har jag ett slags dubbelt ansvar: dels att sprida mina forskningsresultat i samhället, dels att bidra till att upprätthålla svenskan inom mitt fackområde. Eller är det verkligen jag som har det ansvaret? Vad spelar det egentligen för roll om min forskning mest publiceras på engelska? Och hur kan egentligen svenska universitet och högskolor arbeta för att påverka och reglera forskares språkanvändning? Precis dessa frågor står också i centrum för den tidskriftsartikel som inlägget handlar om.

Såväl i Sverige som globalt är det ett etablerat faktum att engelskan blir allt vanligare som vetenskapligt publiceringsspråk. Den utvecklingen har flertalet fördelar, samtidigt som den också för med sig vissa typer av problem. Ett problem som brukar lyftas fram handlar om kunskapsöverföring från vetenskapen till samhället i stort. Enligt högskolelagen ska högskolorna ägna sig åt forskning och undervisning, men de ska också ”samverka med det omgivande samhället och informera om sin verksamhet samt verka för att forskningsresultat tillkomna vid högskolan kommer till nytta.” Kan man samverka med det svenska samhället om all forskning skrivs på engelska?

Ett annat problem rör utvecklingen av den offentliga och fackspecifika svenskan. Enligt språklagen är svenska Sveriges huvudspråk, även om också andra språk får användas för olika funktioner i samhället. Det är till exempel fritt fram för svenska universitet och högskolor att använda engelska i forskning och undervisning. Men eftersom de oftast formellt är myndigheter har de också språkliga ansvar. Exempelvis ska de enligt språklagen verka “för att svensk terminologi inom deras olika fackområden finns tillgänglig, används och utvecklas.” Hur utvecklar man vetenskapssvenskan om all forskning skrivs på engelska?

Det är tydligt att svenska universitet och högskolor står inför ett dilemma. Å ena sidan finns flera goda skäl att använda engelska som ett sätt att nå ut med kunskapen vid den internationella forskningsfronten. Å andra sidan kan den ensidiga användningen av engelska göra det svårt att nå ut med kunskapen i det omgivande samhället, som i Sverige är flerspråkigt om än dominerat av svenska. Dessutom måste svenskan användas för att utvecklas, och den måste utvecklas för alls kunna användas framgent.

Ett sätt att få bukt med denna problematik är att kräva sammanfattningar på svenska i forskningstexter som skrivs på engelska (och andra språk). I Sverige är det framför allt doktorsavhandlingar som blivit föremål för detta krav. Denna utveckling har påhejats av språkvetare, som brukar framhålla flera förtjänster med svenskspråkiga sammanfattningar: dels bidrar de till att överbrygga kunskapsgapet mellan vetenskap och allmänhet, dels bidrar de till att det svenska språket får utveckla fackspecifika termer, uttryckssätt och register. Svenskspråkiga sammanfattningar brukar därmed lyftas fram som ett botemedel för de problem som engelskans dominans inom vetenskapen kan föra med sig. Men frågan är om en och samma text verkligen kan lösa alla problem i ett slag. Låt oss föreställa oss en doktorsavhandling i astropartikelfysik, som mot slutet av doktorandtiden ska förses med en fyra sidor lång sammanfattning på svenska. Hur borde den skrivas? En avhandlingssammanfattning som är populär nog för att allmänheten ska förstå den kommer knappast bidra till att utveckla disciplinens språkliga register. Och omvänt: en sammanfattning som gör anspråk på att introducera nya svenska termer och uttryckssätt, ja den kommer troligen bli svårtillgänglig för de flesta icke-specialister. Svenskspråkiga sammanfattningar kan alltså bidra till antingen ett kunskapsöverföringsmål eller ett språkutvecklingsmål – men man måste välja, för målen är inbördes oförenliga. Oförenligheten till trots är båda målen goda.

I dagsläget kräver 15 av Sveriges cirka 50 lärosäten att avhandlingar på andra språk än svenska får en svenskspråkig sammanfattning. Den som närläser lärosätenas krav på svenskspråkiga sammanfattningar inser snart att olika lärosäten har olika idéer om vad sammanfattningarna ska fylla för syfte. Medan vissa lärosäten kräver populärvetenskapliga sammanfattningar som ett sätt att nå ut brett med avhandlingarnas innehåll, efterfrågar andra lärosäten fylliga sammanfattningar där terminologin ges svenskspråkig form. Denna oklarhet kring sammanfattningens syfte återspeglas ofta i forskarnas inställning till svenskspråkiga sammanfattningar, där många ser dem som ett påtvingat och alltför tidsödande dekret. Sammanfattningarna skrivs ofta i all hast, utan tanke på vare sig kunskapsöverföring eller språkutveckling. I andra fall kan inte doktorskandidaten tillräckligt med svenska för att kunna skriva sammanfattningen – vilket innebär att det i slutändan är handledaren eller någon annan som skriver den.

Det är alltså tydligt att målet med svenskspråkiga policyer drivits igenom utan någon klar bild av vilken funktion sammanfattningarna ska fylla. Tydligt är också att sammanfattningspolicyn lider av olika typer av implementeringsproblem. Ingen av dessa observationer bör dock tas som intäkt för att sammanfattningarna saknar värde: de produceras uppenbarligen i en stigande grad, och vi vet ännu väldigt lite om vilka effekter det får för kunskapsöverföring och språkutveckling i framtiden. För tillfället är funktionen om inte annat symbolisk, eftersom den påminner om vetenskapens mångfaldiga syften och publiker.

Artikeln “Universities, their responsibilities, and the matter of language”  finns fritt tillgänglig på min Academia-sida, där du också finner andra texter på likande teman.

For language or for knowledge – why summarize research in Swedish?

Universities matter in many ways, and the knowledge they produce has multiple publics. This is a central point of departure in the project platform Making Universities Matter, of which I am a member. As for myself, I am a sociolinguist. Accordingly, an equally central point of departure for me is that different publics are reached by means of different languages and genres. That is in effect the theme of this blogpost. 

This blogpost is about a scientific study. You are reading the text in English; above is the same text but in Swedish. Yet, none of the two texts look like the English-language journal article where the scientific study was published.

There are ample reasons to communicate research in multiple languages, and ample reasons to reshape research texts so as to reach out to new readers. In fact, as a researcher at a Swedish university, I have a kind of dual responsibility: firstly, to disseminate my research findings in society at large; secondly, to contribute to the maintenance of the Swedish language within my area of expertise. Or do these responsibilities really rest upon me? Why does it really matter that my research is published for the most part in English? And how can Swedish universities go about regulating the language use of researchers? Precisely such questions are central to the journal article that this blogpost deals with.

In Sweden as well as globally, it is becoming increasingly evident that English dominates as the language of scientific publication. While this development has several virtues, it also brings with it a number of issues. One issue that is commonly pointed out pertains to knowledge transfer from science to wider society. According to the Swedish Higher Education Act, Swedish universities are tasked to provide education and produce research, but the mandate also includes ‘third stream activities and the provision of information about their activities, as well as ensuring that benefit is derived from their research findings.’ Is societal interaction feasible if all research is conducted in English?

Another issue pertains to the development of the public and field-specific Swedish language. According to the Language Act, Swedish is the so-called principal language in Sweden, although other languages may be used for various ends in society. For example, Swedish universities are free to use English in research and education. However, since universities are standardly government agencies, they also have linguistic responsibilities. According to the Language Act, they have ‘a special responsibility for ensuring that Swedish terminology in their various areas of expertise is accessible, and that it is used and developed.’ How is scientific Swedish developed if all research is written in English?

It is clear that Swedish universities face a dilemma. On the one hand, there are many good reasons to use English as a means to disseminate knowledge to the international research frontline. On the other hand, the sole use of English might impede on the objectives to disseminate knowledge to the surrounding society, which in Sweden is multilingual albeit dominated by the Swedish language. Besides, the Swedish language needs be used in order to develop, and it must keep developing in order to stay usable.

One way of dealing with these dynamics is to demand Swedish-language summaries (henceforth SLSs) in research texts written in English (and other languages). In Sweden, it is first and foremost doctoral theses that have been subjected to this demand. This development has been cheered by linguists who typically see several benefits with SLSs: firstly, SLSs contribute to bridging the knowledge gap between science and the public; secondly, they contribute to expanding the Swedish language with field-specific terms, expressions, and registers. Thus, SLSs tend to be foregrounded as a remedy for the potential issues caused by the dominance of English in science. However, the question is whether one single text is really capable of solving all issues at once. Take the case of a doctoral thesis in astroparticle physics, which at the end of the project is to be supplemented with a four-page long SLS. How is it to be written? An SLS that is simple enough for the general public to grasp is unlikely to contribute to the linguistic registers of the discipline. And vice versa, an SLS which takes seriously the task of introducing new terminology and expressions is likely to be incomprehensive to non-specialists. In other words, SLSs may contribute either to a knowledge bridging goal or a language development goal, but one needs to choose because the goals are mutually incompatible. Incompatibility notwithstanding, both goals are legitimate.

To date, 15 out of Sweden’s 50 universities demand that theses in other languages than Swedish are supplemented with SLSs. However, a close reading of such policy demands reveals that different universities have different ideas about the purpose that SLSs are intended to fulfil. While some universities demand SLSs as a means to reach out broadly with the content of the theses, other universities request extensive SLSs where core terminology is given Swedish-language equivalents. This ambiguity surrounding the purpose of the SLSs is also reflected in researchers’ attitudes to SLSs. They are often written in a rush, without much focus either on knowledge transfer nor language development. In other cases, the candidate does not have sufficient skills in Swedish to be able to write up the SLS, which at the end of the day means that the supervisor or someone else writes it up.

It is clear that the SLS policies have been promoted without a clear idea about the function they are intended to serve. It is also clear that the policies suffer from various forms of implementation issues. Yet, none of these observations entail that SLSs lack value altogether – evidently, they are increasingly produced, and little is known about the effects this fact might have in the future. At the moment, the function of the SLS is at the very least symbolic, as it reminds us of the multiple objectives and publics of science.

The study “Universities, their responsibilities, and the matter of language” is freely available through my Academia page, where you can also find other texts on similar topics.